We start with clear goals. From there, we choose the total number of sets and one of many possible splits—upper/lower, push–pull–legs, or any other structure. Alongside the trainee’s goal, training volume should be determined by their recovery capacity, available resources, and individual efficiency. This is how you build a program that truly supports long-term progress. Avoid creating a “grocery list” of exercises with fixed rep ranges. There are well-known mechanisms for mu